Autoencoder-Boosted Lightweight Dense Net for Dimensionality Reduction and DOS Attack Classification in WSN

Authors

  • Sarkunavathi A., Srinivasan V., Ramalingam M.

Keywords:

Deep learning, DoS attacks, Lightweight DenseNet, Autoencoder

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are liable to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, which can be easily executed in this context. This study presents a comparative analysis of five prominent deep learning architectures, namely AlexNet, VGGNet, ResNet, DenseNet, and Lightweight DenseNet, for their efficacy in classifying Denial of Service (DoS) attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The evaluation is conducted using labeled instances of different types of DoS attacks from the WSN-DS and IOTID20 datasets. Various evaluation metrics including F1-score, recall,  precision and accuracy computational efficiency are employed to discern the suitability of these architectures for real-time WSN applications. Experimental results from training and testing on the WSN-DS and IOTID20 datasets provide insights into the performance of each architecture, aiding in the selection of optimal models for DoS attack classification in WSNs.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Islam, Mohammad Nafis Ul & Fahmin, Ahmed & Hossain, Md Shohrab & Atiquzzaman, Mohammed. Denial-of-Service Attacks on Wireless Sensor Network and Defense Techniques. Wireless Personal Communications. 116. 1-29. 10.1007/s11277-020-07776-3,2021.

Gavrić, Ž., & Simic, D.B. Overview of DOS attacks on wireless sensor networks and experimental results for simulation of interference attacks. Revista Ingenieria E Investigacion, 38, 130-138,2018.

Stankovic, J.A., & Wood, A.D. A Taxonomy for Denial-of-Service Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks. Handbook of Sensor Networks,2004.

[4] Sarker, I. Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Overview on Techniques, Taxonomy, Applications and Research Directions. SN COMPUT. SCI. 2, 420,2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-021-00815-1

[5] Francesco Piccialli, Fabio Giampaolo, Edoardo Prezioso, Danilo Crisci, and Salvatore Cuomo. Predictive Analytics for Smart Parking: A Deep Learning Approach in Forecasting of IoT Data. ACM Trans. Internet Technol. 21, 3, Article 68 (August 2021), 21 pages,2021.

https://doi.org/10.1145/3412842

Mirsky, Y.; Doitshman, T.; Elovici, Y.; Shabtai, A. Kitsune An Ensemble of Autoencoders for Online Network Intrusion Detection.In Proceedings of the 25th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium, NDSS 2018, San Diego, CA, USA,18–21 February 2018.

Zavrak, S.; ˙Iskefiyeli, M.(2020) Anomaly-Based Intrusion Detection From Network Flow Features Using Variational Autoencoder. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 108346–108358.

Huang, G., Liu, Z., Van Der Maaten, L. and Weinberger, K.Q. Densely Connected Convolutional Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Honolulu, 21-26 July 2017, 4700-4708. https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2017.243

Hemalatha J, Roseline SA, Geetha S, Kadry S, Damaševičius R. An Efficient DenseNet-Based Deep Learning Model for Malware Detection. Entropy (Basel). 2021 Mar 15;23(3):344. doi: 10.3390/e23030344. PMID: 33804035; PMCID: PMC7998822,2021.

Rezende, E.; Ruppert, G.; Carvalho, T.; Ramos, F.; De Geus, P.Malicious software classification using transfer learning of resnet-50deep neural network. In Proceedings of the 2017 16th IEEE International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications(ICMLA), Cancun, Mexico, 18–21 December 2017; pp. 1011–1014.

He, Yi. A New Lightweight DenseNet Based on Mix-Structure Convolution. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.790,2020.

Jingdong Yang, Lei Zhang, Xinjun Tang, Man Han, CodnNet: A lightweight CNN architecture for detection of COVID-19 infection,Applied Soft Computing,Volume 130,109656,ISSN1568-4946 2022.

Din, Sadia & Paul, Anand & Ahmad, Awais. Lightweight deep dense Demosaicking and Denoising using convolutional neural networks. Multimedia Tools and Applications. 79. 10.1007/s11042-020-08908-4,2020.

Huang, L., Ren, K., Fan, C., and Deng, H., A Lite Asymmetric DenseNet for effective object detection based on convolutional neural networks (CNN), Optoelectronic Imaging and Multimedia Technology VI, vol. 11187,2019. doi:10.1117/12.2538755.

Muhammad Naveed, Fahim Arif, Syed Muhammad Usman, Aamir Anwar, Myriam Hadjouni, Hela Elmannai, Saddam Hussain, Syed Sajid Ullah, Fazlullah Umar, "A Deep Learning-Based Framework for Feature Extraction and Classification of Intrusion Detection in Networks", Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, vol. 2022, Article ID 2215852, 11 pages,. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2215852

Zhang, Z., Tang, Z., Wang, Y., Zhang, H., Yan, S., & Wang, M. Compressed densenet for lightweight character recognition. arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.07016,2019.

P. Wu and H. Guo, "LuNet: A Deep Neural Network for Network Intrusion Detection," 2019 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI), Xiamen, China, 2019, pp. 617-624, doi: 10.1109/SSCI44817.2019.9003126.

F. Hussain, S. G. Abbas, M. Husnain, U. U. Fayyaz, F. Shahzad and G. A. Shah, IoT DoS and DDoS Attack Detection using ResNet, 2020 IEEE 23rd International Multitopic Conference (INMIC), Bahawalpur, Pakistan, 2020, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/INMIC50486.2020.9318216.

Zhang et al. Zhang X, Yang F, Hu Y, Tian Z, Liu W, Li Y, She W. RANet: network intrusion detection with group-gating convolutional neural network. Journal of Network and Computer Applications. 2022;198(2):103266. doi: 10.1016/j.jnca.2021.103266

F. A. Khan, A. Gumaei, A. Derhab and A. Hussain, A Novel Two-Stage Deep Learning Model for Efficient Network Intrusion Detection, in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 30373-30385, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2899721.

Z. Huang, X. Zhu, M. Ding, and X. Zhang . Medical image classification using a light-weighted hybrid neural network based on PCANet and DenseNet, IEEE Access, vol. 8,pp. 24697–24712, 2020.

R. Doriguzzi-Corin, S. Millar, S. Scott-Hayward, J. Martínez-del-Rincón and D. Siracusa,Lucid: A Practical, Lightweight Deep Learning Solution for DDoS Attack Detection, IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 876-889, June 2020, doi: 10.1109/TNSM.2020.2971776.

Albahli S, Nazir T, Mehmood A, Irtaza A, Alkhalifah A, Albattah W.AEI-DNET: A Novel DenseNet Model with an Autoencoder for the Stock Market Predictions Using Stock Technical Indicators. Electronics. 11(4):611,2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11040611

Pintelas E, Livieris IE, Pintelas PE. A Convolutional Autoencoder Topology for Classification in High-Dimensional Noisy Image Datasets. Sensors (Basel). 2021 Nov 20;21(22):7731. doi: 10.3390/s21227731.

Lopez-Martin, Manuel & Carro, Belén & Sanchez-Esguevillas, Antonio & Lloret, Jaime. Conditional Variational Autoencoder for Prediction and Feature Recovery Applied to Intrusion Detection in IoT. Sensors. 2017.

Ieracitano, Cosimo & Adeel, Ahsan & Morabito, Francesco & Hussain, Amir. A Novel Statistical Analysis and Autoencoder Driven Intelligent Intrusion Detection Approach. Neurocomputing,2019. 387. 10.1016/j.neucom.2019.11.016.

[27]Yasi Wang, Hongxun Yao, Sicheng Zhao,Auto-encoder based dimensionality reduction,Neurocomputing,Volume 184,Pages232-242,ISSN0925-2312,2016.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2015.08.104.

R. K. Keser and B. U. Töreyin,Autoencoder Based Dimensionality Reduction of Feature Vectors for Object Recognition," 2019 15th International Conference on Signal-Image Technology & Internet-Based Systems (SITIS), Sorrento, Italy, 2019, pp. 577-584, doi: 10.1109/SITIS.2019.00097.

Zamparo, L., & Zhang, Z. Deep Autoencoders for Dimensionality Reduction of High-Content Screening Data. ArXiv, abs/1501.01348,2015.

Wang, J., He, H., & Prokhorov, D.V. A Folded Neural Network Autoencoder for Dimensionality Reduction. International Neural Network Society Winter Conference,2012.

Y. Lee, J. W. Hwang, S. Lee, Y. Bae, and J. Park,An Energy and GPU-Computation Efficient Backbone Network for Real-Time Object Detection,” Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW), pp. 752–760, Long Beach,USA,2019.

Almomani, I., Al-Kasasbeh, B. and Al-Akhras, M.,. WSN-DS: A dataset for intrusion detection systems in wireless sensor networks. Journal of Sensors,2016.

Downloads

Published

26.03.2024

How to Cite

Srinivasan V., Ramalingam M., S. A. . (2024). Autoencoder-Boosted Lightweight Dense Net for Dimensionality Reduction and DOS Attack Classification in WSN. International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering, 12(21s), 1371–1379. Retrieved from https://www.ijisae.org/index.php/IJISAE/article/view/5605

Issue

Section

Research Article