Advancements in Organic Solar Cells: A Comprehensive Review of Materials and Efficiency Improvements
Keywords:
Organic solar cells, Conjugated polymers, MorphologicalAbstract
“Organic solar cells” (OSCs) have gained significant attention due to their potential for low-cost, lightweight, and flexible photovoltaic applications. This paper provides a comprehensive review of advancements in OSC materials and device architecture, with a focus on efficiency improvements and structural innovations. Conjugated polymers, small organic molecules, and hybrid organic-inorganic compounds are explored for their contributions to power conversion efficiency (PCE). Recent studies report that conjugated polymers such as PBDB-T paired with non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) have achieved PCEs up to 18.6%. Similarly, small organic molecules like BTP-4F combined with NFAs have reached PCEs of 17.3%. Morphological control through techniques such as co-solvent processing and sequential deposition has further enhanced PCE, achieving values of up to 17.0%. Additionally, innovations in device architecture, including tandem cells, have pushed efficiencies beyond 20%, with tandem OSCs utilizing PBDB-T and PM6 achieving a PCE of 20.1%. This paper also discusses the role of interfacial layers, with materials like ZnO and PEDOT contributing to higher charge transport and reduced recombination losses. As OSC technology continues to evolve, these innovations highlight its growing potential in the renewable energy landscape.
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