Machine Learning in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A Comprehensive Review of Early Diagnosis, Personalized Treatment, and Predictive Insights.
Keywords:
Machine Learning, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Women, Hormones, Algorithm.Abstract
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a multifaceted endocrine disorder that significantly affects women's health. This review examines the application of Machine Learning (ML) in PCOS research, focusing on its potential to enhance diagnosis, predict hormonal imbalances, and optimize personalized treatment plans. Current challenges in PCOS diagnosis and management, such as variability in diagnostic criteria and limited personalization of interventions, are outlined. The review systematically analyses recent advancements in ML techniques, highlighting their capabilities in addressing these challenges. Additionally, this paper identifies gaps in existing research, paving the way for future exploration of ML-driven innovations in PCOS management. By summarizing key findings, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between PCOS and ML while emphasizing the transformative potential of these technologies in improving patient outcomes.
Downloads
References
S. A. Suha and M. N. Islam, “An extended machine learning technique for polycystic ovary syndrome detection using ovary ultrasound image,” Sci Rep, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–16, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-21724-0.
S. Singh et al., “Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Etiology, Current Management, and Future Therapeutics,” J Clin Med, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 12, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.3390/JCM12041454.
S. Zhuang, C. Jing, L. Yu, L. Ji, W. Liu, and X. Hu, “The relationship between polycystic ovary syndrome and infertility: a bibliometric analysis,” Ann Transl Med, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 318–318, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.21037/ATM-22-714.
N. M. Bogari, “Genetic construction between polycystic ovarian syndrome and type 2 diabetes,” Saudi J Biol Sci, vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 2539–2543, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1016/J.SJBS.2020.05.004.
M. J. Javid-Naderi, A. Mahmoudi, P. Kesharwani, T. Jamialahmadi, and A. Sahebkar, “Recent advances of nanotechnology in the treatment and diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome,” J Drug Deliv Sci Technol, vol. 79, p. 104014, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1016/J.JDDST.2022.104014.
S. Akre, K. Sharma, S. Chakole, and M. B. Wanjari, “Recent Advances in the Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Review Article”, doi: 10.7759/cureus.27689.
S. B. Christensen et al., “The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents,” Fertil Steril, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 470–477, Aug. 2013, doi: 10.1016/J.FERTNSTERT.2013.04.001.
Y. V. Louwers and J. S. E. Laven, “Characteristics of polycystic ovary syndrome throughout life,” https://doi.org/10.1177/2633494120911038, vol. 14, p. 263349412091103, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1177/2633494120911038.
J. Bulsara, P. Patel, A. Soni, and S. Acharya, “A review: Brief insight into Polycystic Ovarian syndrome,” Endocrine and Metabolic Science, vol. 3, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.endmts.2021.100085.
H. Nautiyal et al., “Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Complex Disease with a Genetics Approach,” Biomedicines, vol. 10, no. 3, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.3390/BIOMEDICINES10030540.
J. V. Pinkerton, “Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) - .” Accessed: Sep. 21, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menstrual-abnormalities/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos#
A. M. Rababa’h, B. R. Matani, and A. Yehya, “An update of polycystic ovary syndrome: causes and therapeutics options,” Heliyon, vol. 8, no. 10, p. e11010, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1016/J.HELIYON.2022.E11010.
J. A. Lentscher and A. H. Decherney, “Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome,” Clin Obstet Gynecol, vol. 64, no. 1, 2020, Accessed: Sep. 21, 2023. [Online]. Available: www.clinicalobgyn.com
A. Agrawal, R. Ambad, R. Lahoti, P. Muley, and P. Pande, “Role of artificial intelligence in PCOS detection,” Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences University, vol. 17, no. 2, p. 491, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.4103/JDMIMSU.JDMIMSU_278_22.
B. Mahesh, “Machine Learning Algorithms -A Review.” Accessed: Sep. 21, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344717762_Machine_Learning_Algorithms_-A_Review
T. J. Cleophas and A. H. Zwinderman, “Machine learning in medicine - a complete overview,” Machine Learning in Medicine - A Complete Overview, pp. 1–667, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-33970-8/COVER.
S. Sah, “Machine Learning: A Review of Learning Types,” Jul. 2020, doi: 10.20944/PREPRINTS202007.0230.V1.
A. Usman, M. M. Boukar, M. A. Suleiman, and I. A. Salihu, “Test Case Generation Approach for Android Applications using Reinforcement Learning,” Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 15127–15132, Aug. 2024, doi: 10.48084/ETASR.7422.
S. Bharati, P. Podder, and M. R. Hossain Mondal, “Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Using Machine Learning Algorithms,” 2020 IEEE Region 10 Symposium, TENSYMP 2020, pp. 1486–1489, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TENSYMP50017.2020.9230932.
H. Elmannai et al., “Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Detection Machine Learning Model Based on Optimized Feature Selection and Explainable Artificial Intelligence,” Diagnostics, vol. 13, no. 8, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.3390/DIAGNOSTICS13081506.
A. Denny, A. Raj, A. Ashok, C. M. Ram, and R. George, “I-HOPE: Detection and Prediction System for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Using Machine Learning Techniques,” IEEE Region 10 Annual International Conference, Proceedings/TENCON, pp. 673–678, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TENCON.2019.8929674.
F. J. Barrera et al., “Application of machine learning and artificial intelligence in the diagnosis and classification of polycystic ovarian syndrome: a systematic review,” Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), vol. 14, p. 1106625, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.3389/FENDO.2023.1106625.
Z. Zad et al., “Predicting polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with machine learning algorithms from electronic health records,” medRxiv, p. 2023.07.27.23293255, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1101/2023.07.27.23293255.
A. Barragán-Montero et al., “Artificial intelligence and machine learning for medical imaging: a technology review HHS Public Access,” Phys Med, vol. 83, pp. 242–256, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2021.04.016.
H. Alkemade, “Medical Imaging with Azure Machine Learning .” Accessed: Sep. 19, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://towardsdatascience.com/medical-imaging-with-azure-machine-learning-b5acfd772dd5
M. R. Afrash et al., “Machine Learning-Based Clinical Decision Support System for Automatic Diagnosis of COVID-19 based on Clinical Data,” Journal of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 77–89, 2022, doi: 10.18502/JBE.V8I1.10407.
G. Jain, “Application of Machine Learning in Drug Discovery and Development Lifecycle,” International Journal of Medical, Pharmacy and Drug Research, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 16–35, 2022, doi: 10.22161/ijmpd.6.6.4.
K. P. Seng, L.-M. Ang, E. Peter, and A. Mmonyi, “Machine Learning and AI Technologies for Smart Wearables,” Electronics (Basel), vol. 12, no. 7, p. 1509, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.3390/electronics12071509.
R. Kenge, “Machine Learning, Its Limitations, and Solutions Over IT,” International Journal of Applied Research on Information Technology and Computing, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 73, 2020, doi: 10.5958/0975-8089.2020.00009.3.
G. Varoquaux and V. Cheplygina, “Machine learning for medical imaging: methodological failures and recommendations for the future,” NPJ Digit Med, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 48, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.1038/s41746-022-00592-y.
H. Jantan, U. Fatihah, M. Bahrin, and L. H. Shaufee, “Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Prediction System Using PSO-SVM,” Journal of Computing Research and Innovation, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 2024, 2024, doi: 10.24191/jcrinn.v9i1.
T. Nadana Ravishankar, H. Makarand Jadhav, N. S. Kumar, S. Ambala, and M. Pillai, “A deep learning approach for ovarian cysts detection and classification (OCD-FCNN) using fuzzy convolutional neural network,” Measurement: Sensors, vol. 27, p. 100797, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.measen.2023.100797.
S. Alam Suha and M. N. Islam, “Exploring the dominant features and data-driven detection of polycystic ovary syndrome through modified stacking ensemble machine learning technique,” Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 3, p. e14518, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14518.
M. Szczuko et al., “Nutrition Strategy and Life Style in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome—Narrative Review,” Nutrients, vol. 13, no. 7, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.3390/NU13072452.
P. H and M. A. Anusuya, “A Prediction Model for Evaluating the Risk of Developing PCOS,” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2020, Accessed: Sep. 27, 2023. [Online]. Available: www.irjet.net
I. H. Sarker, “Machine Learning: Algorithms, Real-World Applications and Research Directions,” May 01, 2021, Springer. doi: 10.1007/s42979-021-00592-x.
R. Rego, “Predictive Modeling of Menstrual Cycle Length: A Time Series Forecasting Approach,” Jun. 2023.
Y. Guo et al., “A structural equation model linking health literacy, self-efficacy, and quality of life in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome,” BMC Womens Health, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 1–9, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1186/S12905-023-02223-4/FIGURES/1.
Z. Zad et al., “Predicting polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with machine learning algorithms from electronic health records,” medRxiv, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1101/2023.07.27.23293255.
F. J. Barrera et al., “Application of machine learning and artificial intelligence in the diagnosis and classification of polycystic ovarian syndrome: a systematic review,” Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), vol. 14, 2023, doi: 10.3389/FENDO.2023.1106625/FULL.
S. Chang and A. Dunaif, “Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Which Criteria to Use When?,” Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, vol. 50, no. 1, p. 11, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/J.ECL.2020.10.002.
R. Kaur, R. Kumar, and M. Gupta, “Food Image-based diet recommendation framework to overcome PCOS problem in women using deep convolutional neural network,” Computers and Electrical Engineering, vol. 103, p. 108298, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1016/J.COMPELECENG.2022.108298.
R. Tiwari, “Ethical And Societal Implications of AI and Machine Learning,” 2023, doi: 10.55041/IJSREM17505.
L. Seyyed-Kalantari, H. Zhang, M. B. A. McDermott, I. Y. Chen, and M. Ghassemi, “Reply to: ‘Potential sources of dataset bias complicate investigation of underdiagnosis by machine learning algorithms’ and ‘Confounding factors need to be accounted for in assessing bias by machine learning algorithms,’” Nature Medicine 2022 28:6, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1161–1162, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1038/S41591-022-01854-8.
S. Cowan et al., “Lifestyle management in polycystic ovary syndrome – beyond diet and physical activity,” BMC Endocr Disord, vol. 23, no. 1, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1186/S12902-022-01208-Y.
J. Liu et al., “Measuring the global disease burden of polycystic ovary syndrome in 194 countries: Global Burden of Disease Study 2017,” Human Reproduction, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 1108–1119, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1093/humrep/deaa371.
R. DiPietro and G. D. Hager, “Deep learning: RNNs and LSTM,” Handbook of Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention, pp. 503–519, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-816176-0.00026-0.
M. H. Kangasniemi et al., “Artificial intelligence deep learning model assessment of leukocyte counts and proliferation in endometrium from women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome,” F and S Science, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 174–186, May 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.xfss.2022.01.006.
A. Meliboev, J. Alikhanov, and W. Kim, “Performance Evaluation of Deep Learning Based Network Intrusion Detection System across Multiple Balanced and Imbalanced Datasets,” Electronics (Switzerland), vol. 11, no. 4, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.3390/ELECTRONICS11040515.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
All papers should be submitted electronically. All submitted manuscripts must be original work that is not under submission at another journal or under consideration for publication in another form, such as a monograph or chapter of a book. Authors of submitted papers are obligated not to submit their paper for publication elsewhere until an editorial decision is rendered on their submission. Further, authors of accepted papers are prohibited from publishing the results in other publications that appear before the paper is published in the Journal unless they receive approval for doing so from the Editor-In-Chief.
IJISAE open access articles are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This license lets the audience to give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made and if they remix, transform, or build upon the material, they must distribute contributions under the same license as the original.


